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Arts, Photography & Design | 1 Chapters
Author: Mr Vivek Kumar Pandey Shambhunath
Chemistry is the scientific discipline involved with elements and compounds composed of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other substances ,for class 11 & 12 written by Mr vivek Kumar Pandey shambhunath.
(i) System It refers to the part of universe in which observations are carried out.
(ii) Surroundings The part of universe other than the system is known as surroundings.
(ill) Boundary The wall that separates the system from the surroundings is called boundary.
(iv) Thermodynamic equilibrium A system in which the macroscopic properties do not undergo any change with time is called thermodynamic equilibrium.
(v) Thermal equilibrium If there is no flow of heat from one portion of the system to another, the system is said to be in thermal equilibrium.
(vi) Mechanical equilibrium If no mechanical work is done by one part of the system on another part of the system. it is said to be in mechanical equilibrium. Such a condition exists when pressure remains constant.
(i) Open system The system in which energy and matter both can be exchanged with the surroundings.
(ii) Closed system The system in which only energy can be exchanged with the surroundings.
(iii) Isolated system The system in which neither energy nor matter can be exchanged with the surroundings.
1. Intensive Properties
Properties of the system which depend only on the nature of matter but not on the quantity of matter are called Intensive properties, e.g., pressure, temperature, specific heat, etc
2. Extensive Properties
Properties of the system which are dependent on the quantity of matter are called extensive properties, e.g., internal energy, volume, enthalpy, etc.
When microscopic properties have definite value, the conditions of existence of the system is known as state of system.
State functions When values of a system is independent of path followed and depend only on initial and final state, it is known as state function,e.g., Δ U, Δ H, Δ G etc.
Path functions These depend upon the path followed, e.g., work, heat, etc.
It is the operation which brings change in the state of the system.
Thermodynamic processes are
(i) Isothermal process In which temperature remains constant, i.e., (dT = 0, Δ U = 0).
(ii) Isochoric process In which volume remains constant, i.e., (Δ V = 0).
(iii) Isobaric process In which pressure remains constant, i.e., (Δp = 0).
Arts, Photography & Design | 1 Chapters
Author: Mr Vivek Kumar Pandey Shambhunath
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Chemistry class 11th & 12th 2.o-2
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