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Early chapters provide an overview of the unique pharmacokinetics of brain
exposure. The fundamentals of drug binding to CNS tissue and plasma are described,
with emphasis on the primary role of free drug concentration in determining in vivo
efficacy. Free drug concepts have recently been widely accepted in the field and are
crucial for researchers to understand and apply in practice.
Early chapters provide an overview of the unique pharmacokinetics of brain
exposure. The fundamentals of drug binding to CNS tissue and plasma are described,
with emphasis on the primary role of free drug concentration in determining in vivo
efficacy. Free drug concepts have recently been widely accepted in the field and are
crucial for researchers to understand and apply in practice.
Recently, the transdermal route has vied with oral treatment as the most
successful innovative research area in API delivery. In the USA (the most
important pharmaceutical market), out of 129 API delivery products
under clinical evaluation, 51 are transdermal or dermal systems; 30% of 77
candidate products in preclinical development represent such API
delivery. The worldwide transdermal patch market approaches $20 billion,
yet is based
Recently, the transdermal route has vied with oral treatment as the most
successful innovative research area in API delivery. In the USA (the most
important pharmaceutical market), out of 129 API delivery products
under clinical evaluation, 51 are transdermal or dermal systems; 30% of 77
candidate products in preclinical development represent such API
delivery. The worldwide transdermal patch market approaches $20 billion,
yet is based on only 20 drugs. This rather limited number of drug
substances is attributed to the excellent barrier function of the skin, which
is accomplished almost entirely by the outermost 10–15 μm (in the dry
state) of tissue, the stratum corneum (SC). Before being taken up by blood
vessels in the upper dermis and prior to entering the systemic circulation,
substances permeating the skin must cross the SC and the viable
epidermis.
A formal submission to the United States Food and Drug Administration is a professionally frightening proposition. There is a great deal at stake: the submission can lead to permission to move forward with a drug development project, with the promise of patient improvement and corporate profits. The
submission represents the tightest of bottlenecks in that development process: delays affect every other part of the operation, leading to criticism from clini
A formal submission to the United States Food and Drug Administration is a professionally frightening proposition. There is a great deal at stake: the submission can lead to permission to move forward with a drug development project, with the promise of patient improvement and corporate profits. The
submission represents the tightest of bottlenecks in that development process: delays affect every other part of the operation, leading to criticism from clinical
medical; chemistry, manufacturing, and control testing ; and all other departments. And the submission response itself is open, with blunt comments from a heartless agency widely distributed. Many a regulatory professional has lost sleep over the prospect of a major submission.
The interstitial fluid (rSF) of the brain is separated from the blood by the
blood-brain barrier (BBB). This barrier must not be thought of as a single
entity or as an absolute restriction to all molecules, but as a multiple structure
located at several sites within the brain. The first of these interfaces is located
at the endothelium of the brain capillaries. Secondly there is a potential site
for interchange on the outer linings of the b
The interstitial fluid (rSF) of the brain is separated from the blood by the
blood-brain barrier (BBB). This barrier must not be thought of as a single
entity or as an absolute restriction to all molecules, but as a multiple structure
located at several sites within the brain. The first of these interfaces is located
at the endothelium of the brain capillaries. Secondly there is a potential site
for interchange on the outer linings of the brain between the dura and the
arachnoid membranes. Thirdly, there are the choroid plexuses and the
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which is in contact with the very permeable internal
ependymal lining of the brain. Finally there are areas of the brain
which lack a blood-brain barrier. These areas constitute the circumventricular
organs and have leaky capillaries with a barrier at the ependyma which
limits the spread of molecules from those regions. Each of these
BBB sites has its own characteristic permeability and transport functions. We
will now consider the properties of each of these barrier sites between the
blood and the brain.
Long before the worldwide adoption of nanotechnology, and indeed from ancient until recent times, nanoscale substances have been utilized for countless purposes without undue attention to their size. Until the present-century nanotechnology-based research and development, basic and applied scientists had not intentionally investigated whether nanoscale substances possess unique properties that render them appropriate for special applications. Indeed, the basic
Long before the worldwide adoption of nanotechnology, and indeed from ancient until recent times, nanoscale substances have been utilized for countless purposes without undue attention to their size. Until the present-century nanotechnology-based research and development, basic and applied scientists had not intentionally investigated whether nanoscale substances possess unique properties that render them appropriate for special applications. Indeed, the basic sciences, with the possible exception of microscopy, were until recently developed without the knowledge of the nanoscale world. Accordingly, we now have the opportunity to reconsider evidence accumulated in the past in terms of nanoscale dimensions and attributes across various scientific fields, including physical chemistry, engineering, and biomedical research.
The shortcomings of current treatment of AIDS range from undesirable
side effects, incomplete eradication of human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) and an increase in the emergence of drug resistant viral strains.
Owing to these limitations, there has been a paradigm shift in the approach
of researchers as they now focus on the development of new drugs. More
convenient drugs will have enhanced activity, lesser or no side effects
and satisfa
The shortcomings of current treatment of AIDS range from undesirable
side effects, incomplete eradication of human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) and an increase in the emergence of drug resistant viral strains.
Owing to these limitations, there has been a paradigm shift in the approach
of researchers as they now focus on the development of new drugs. More
convenient drugs will have enhanced activity, lesser or no side effects
and satisfactory delivery potential. Various approaches under investigation
use biomolecules and metals and/or synthetic compounds with the
potential to inhibit viruses or affect their binding sites on the host cells.
Techniques such as gene therapy or metal-based therapy emerge from this
concept and have so far contributed promising results for the control of
the HIV virus. This chapter explores current developments in gene and
metal-based therapies (enhanced by nanotechnology), with respect to the
design of effective drugs for the treatment of HIV infection.
किसी विशेष के लिए कविताएँ ; वह दुनिया की सबसे अच्छी लड़कियों में से एक है
किसी विशेष के लिए कविताएँ ; वह दुनिया की सबसे अच्छी लड़कियों में से एक है
किसी विशेष के लिए कविताएँ ;
किसी विशेष के लिए कविताएँ ; वह दुनिया की सबसे अच्छी लड़कियों में से एक है
किसी विशेष के लिए कविताएँ ; वह दुनिया की सबसे अच्छी लड़कियों में से एक है
किसी विशेष के लिए कविताएँ ; वह दुनिया की सबसे अच्छी लड़कियों में से एक है
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to
copyright holders if perm
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to
copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has
not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
यह काव्य पुस्तक किसी विशेष गिरी के लिए समर्पित है.
डॉ. दिलप्रीत सिंह आईएसएफ कॉलेज ऑफ फार्मेसी, मोगा में एसोसिएट प्रोफेसर के पद पर कार्यरत हैं। वह बी.फार्मेसी में गोल्ड मेडलिस
यह काव्य पुस्तक किसी विशेष गिरी के लिए समर्पित है.
डॉ. दिलप्रीत सिंह आईएसएफ कॉलेज ऑफ फार्मेसी, मोगा में एसोसिएट प्रोफेसर के पद पर कार्यरत हैं। वह बी.फार्मेसी में गोल्ड मेडलिस्ट, एम.फार्मेसी में यूनिवर्सिटी सिल्वर मेडलिस्ट और मेरिट पोजिशन के साथ 3 बार क्वालिफाइड ग्रेजुएट फार्मेसी एप्टीट्यूड टेस्ट (GPAT) हैं। उन्होंने पीएच.डी. और गुरु नानक देव विश्वविद्यालय, अमृतसर से पोस्ट डॉक्टर। उन्होंने दिसंबर 2019 में लेक्चरशिप की पात्रता के साथ सीएसआईआर-नेट भी उत्तीर्ण किया। डॉ. दिलप्रीत सिंह आईएसएफ कॉलेज ऑफ फार्मेसी, मोगा में एसोसिएट प्रोफेसर के पद पर कार्यरत हैं। वह बी.फार्मेसी में गोल्ड मेडलिस्ट, एम.फार्मेसी में यूनिवर्सिटी सिल्वर मेडलिस्ट और मेरिट पोजिशन के साथ 3 बार क्वालिफाइड ग्रेजुएट फार्मेसी एप्टीट्यूड टेस्ट (GPAT) हैं। उन्होंने पीएच.डी. और गुरु नानक देव विश्वविद्यालय, अमृतसर से पोस्ट डॉक्टर। उन्होंने दिसंबर 2019 में लेक्चरशिप की पात्रता के साथ सीएसआईआर-नेट भी उत्तीर्ण किया।
When designing NCs for clinical applications, it should be clear that their systemic administration generates important modifications. In particular, the nonspecific interaction between NC surface and bloodstream proteins leads to the adsorption of opsonins on NCs, forming the so-called “protein corona.” These proteins substantially change the bare material properties determining the removal of NCs from circulation by the reticuloendothelial system
When designing NCs for clinical applications, it should be clear that their systemic administration generates important modifications. In particular, the nonspecific interaction between NC surface and bloodstream proteins leads to the adsorption of opsonins on NCs, forming the so-called “protein corona.” These proteins substantially change the bare material properties determining the removal of NCs from circulation by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) in the spleen and liver. The most common RES-escaping approaches are to formulate NCs with neutral surface charge, by coating their surface with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and to use small size NCs. NCs with these features are called “stealth” NCs and can avoid the RES. Finally, NCs should be nontoxic, biodegradable, biocompatible, noninflammatory, and nonimmunogenic.
olubility, the phenomenon of dissolution of solute in solvent to give a homogenous system, is one of the important parameters to achieve desired concentration of drug in systemic circulation for desired (anticipated) pharmacological response. Low aqueous solubility is the major problem encountered with formulation development of new chemical entities as well as for the generic development. More than 40% NCEs (new chemical entities) developed in pharmaceutical
olubility, the phenomenon of dissolution of solute in solvent to give a homogenous system, is one of the important parameters to achieve desired concentration of drug in systemic circulation for desired (anticipated) pharmacological response. Low aqueous solubility is the major problem encountered with formulation development of new chemical entities as well as for the generic development. More than 40% NCEs (new chemical entities) developed in pharmaceutical industry are practically insoluble in water. Solubility is a major challenge for formulation scientist. Any drug to be absorbed must be present in the form of solution at the site of absorption. Various techniques are used for the enhancement of the solubility of poorly soluble drugs which include physical and chemical modifications of drug and other methods like particle size reduction, crystal engineering, salt formation, solid dispersion, use of surfactant, complexation, and so forth. Selection of solubility improving method depends on drug property, site of absorption, and required dosage form characteristics.
Vesicular drug delivery system can be defined as highly ordered assemblies consisting of one or more concentric bilayers formed as a result of self-assembling of amphiphilic building blocks in presence of water. Vesicular drug delivery systems are particularly important for targeted delivery of drugs because of their ability to localize the activity of drug at the site or organ of action thereby lowering its concentration at the other sites in body. Vesicular
Vesicular drug delivery system can be defined as highly ordered assemblies consisting of one or more concentric bilayers formed as a result of self-assembling of amphiphilic building blocks in presence of water. Vesicular drug delivery systems are particularly important for targeted delivery of drugs because of their ability to localize the activity of drug at the site or organ of action thereby lowering its concentration at the other sites in body. Vesicular drug delivery system sustains drug action at a predetermined rate, relatively constant (zero order kinetics), efficient drug level in the body, and simultaneously minimizes the undesirable side effects. It can also localize drug action in the diseased tissue or organ by targeted drug delivery using carriers or chemical derivatization. Different types of pharmaceutical carriers such as polymeric micelles, particulate systems, and macro- and micromolecules are presented in the form of novel drug delivery system for targeted delivery of drugs. Particulate type carrier also known as colloidal carrier system, includes lipid particles, micro- and nanoparticles, micro- and nanospheres, polymeric micelles and vesicular systems like liposomes, sphingosomes, niosomes, transfersomes, aquasomes, ufasomes, and so forth.
Description
Lipid Nanocarriers for Drug Targeting presents recent advances in the area of lipid nanocarriers. The book focuses on cationic lipid nanocarriers, solid lipid nanocarriers, liposomes, thermosensitive vesicles, and cubosomes, with applications in phototherapy, cosmetic and others. As the first book related to lipid nanocarriers and their direct implication in pharmaceutical nanotechnology, this important reference resource is ideal for biomateri
Description
Lipid Nanocarriers for Drug Targeting presents recent advances in the area of lipid nanocarriers. The book focuses on cationic lipid nanocarriers, solid lipid nanocarriers, liposomes, thermosensitive vesicles, and cubosomes, with applications in phototherapy, cosmetic and others. As the first book related to lipid nanocarriers and their direct implication in pharmaceutical nanotechnology, this important reference resource is ideal for biomaterials scientists and those working in the medical and pharmaceutical industries that want to learn more on how lipids can be used to create more effective drug delivery systems.
Key Features
Highlights the most commonly used types of lipid nanocarriers and explains how they are applied in pharmacy
Shows how lipid nanocarriers are used in different types of treatment, including oral medicine, skin repair and cancer treatment
Assesses the pros and cons of using different lipid nanocarriers for different therapies
Drug Delivery Systems examines the current state of the field within pharmaceutical science and concisely explains the history of drug delivery systems, including key developments. This book covers the fundamentals, oral taste masking, and practical applications of drug delivery. In this book, almost all chapters from the previous are retained and updated and several new chapters added to make a more complete resource and reference.
• Helps reader
Drug Delivery Systems examines the current state of the field within pharmaceutical science and concisely explains the history of drug delivery systems, including key developments. This book covers the fundamentals, oral taste masking, and practical applications of drug delivery. In this book, almost all chapters from the previous are retained and updated and several new chapters added to make a more complete resource and reference.
• Helps readers understand progress in drug delivery research and applications
• Updates and expands coverage to reflect advances in materials for delivery vehicles, drug delivery approaches, and therapeutics
• Covers recent developments including transdermal and occular delivery, receptor mediate drug delivery applications
• Adds new chapters on nanoparticles, liposomes, excipients as modulators and transdermal delivery patches
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